1.指南来源（Guide Source）:

NCCN临床实践指南:肾癌 V2.2025.发布已获NCCN肿瘤学临床实践指南(NCCN指南®)许可。©2024美国国家综合癌症网络公司.保留所有权利。未经NCCN明确的书面许可，不得出于任何目的以任何形式复制NCCN指南®和文中的插图。要查看NCCN指南的最新完整版本，请访问NCCN.org。NCCN指南是一项持续进行的工作，可能会随着新的重要数据的出现而不断完善。 

2.免责声明（Disclaimers）：

NCCN对其内容、使用或应用不做任何形式的担保，并否认以任何方式对其应用或使用承担任何责任。

在下载本篇指南前，请先您详细阅读并同意以下协议：

NCCN内容不得用于商业目的，以及NCCN作为NCCN内容的许可方，不作任何陈述或保证，并明确否认NCCN指南适用于任何特定患者的护理或治疗，任何医院、寻求使用《NCCN指南》治疗患者的临床医生或其他医疗服务提供者(“提供者”)应根据特定患者护理或治疗的具体临床情况做出独立的医疗判断，NCCN不建议、推荐或认可任何提供者(无论是否与被许可方相关)进行任何有偿或无偿的医疗治疗、咨询或服务，也不应因被许可方建议、推荐或认可任何此类提供者的作为或不作为而直接或间接承担责任。详见《NCCN最终用户许可协议》

3.专家名单（Staff）：

*Robert J. Motzer, MD/Chair † ÞMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

*Eric Jonasch, MD/Vice-chair †The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Neeraj Agarwal, MD ‡ †Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah

Ajjai Alva, MBBS †University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center

Michael Baine, MD, PhD § Fred & Pamela Buffet Cancer Center

Kathryn Beckermann, MD, PhD †Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center

Maria I. Carlo, MD †Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

Toni K. Choueiri, MD † ÞDana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center

Brian A. Costello, MD, MS †Mayo Clinic Cancer Center

Ithaar H. Derweesh, MD ωUC San Diego Moores Cancer Center

Arpita Desai, MD † ÞUCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center

Yasser Ged, MBBS †The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins

Saby George, MD † Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center

John L. Gore, MD, MS ωFred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance

Naomi Haas, MD †Abramson Cancer Center at the University of Pennsylvania

Steven L. Hancock, MD § ÞStanford Cancer Institute

Payal Kapur, MD ≠ UT Southwestern Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center

Christos Kyriakopoulos, MD ‡University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center

Elaine T. Lam, MD †University of Colorado Cancer Center

Primo N. Lara, MD † UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center

Clayton Lau, MD ωCity of Hope National Medical Center

Bryan Lewis ¥Kidney Cancer Coalition

David C. Madoff, MD ∩Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital

Brandon Manley, MD ωMoffitt Cancer Center

M. Dror Michaelson, MD, PhD †Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center

Amir Mortazavi, MD †The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute

Lakshminarayanan Nandagopal, MD †O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at UAB

Elizabeth R. Plimack, MD, MS † ÞFox Chase Cancer Center

Lee Ponsky, MD ωCase Comprehensive Cancer Center/ University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute

Sundhar Ramalingam, MD †Duke Cancer Institute

Brian Shuch, MD ωUCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center

Zachary L. Smith, MD ωSiteman Cancer Center at BarnesJewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine

Jeffrey Sosman, MD ‡Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University

4.临床试验（Clinical Trials）：

NCCN认为任何癌症患者都可以在临床试验中得到最佳治疗，因此特别鼓励患者参与临床试验。 寻找NCCN成员组：https://www.nccn.org/home/member-institutions

5.NCCN对证据和共识分类（ NCCN Categories of Evidence and Consensus）：

推荐均为2A类，除非另有说明，请参见下表： 

6.NCCN首选分类（ NCCN Categories of Preference）：

所有建议均视为合理，请参见下表：